Johann friedrich herbart biography of christopher
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Though little known today, Johann Friedrich Herbart was one of the leading philosophers of his age, the competitor of Schelling and Hegel. Although he was trained by Fichte, Herbart soon became a critic of the idealist tradition and developed a philosophy antithetical to it. His own philosophy was opposed to the idealist tradition in important respects: he defended a dualism between the factual and normative; he was an ontological pluralist rather than monist; and he accepted crucial Kantian dualisms that had been rejected by the idealists. Herbart was also an important forerunner of analytic philosophy, first in breaking with the idealist tradition, and second in insisting that the proper method of philosophy is the analysis of concepts rather than speculation about the universe as a whole. In the first intellectual biography of Herbart in English, Frederick C. Beiser studies the development of one of 19th-century Germany's most important philosophers, from his education in Olden
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Johann Friedrich Herbart
Calculation
The paradigm of physics suggests that phenomenal laws can be gained through experiment, instrumentation (measurement), and calculation. But of these three paths only beräkning is available to psychology. [9] Calculation alone can reveal the basic laws and concepts of the psyche; psychic phenomena are then to be traced back or "reduced" to these rules; and in this way an "interconnected order" of the psychic manifold may be constructed, analogous to the one physics provides to external, sensible phenomena. As he puts it in "On Analogies, with Respect to the Foundation of Psychology", mathematics [is] not applied to concepts that come from naked, immediate experience in the manner of empiricism, but from experience as processed through metaphysics, and which [concepts, then,] returns, aided by mathematics, to experience. (Herbart b: ) Thus, the traditional highest "generic concepts" of representation, fee
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